藏品描述

    中国的货币文化丰富多彩，延及有清一代的币制，实行银钱平行本位，大额用银，小额用钱，在中国货币史上占有重要一席。自太祖努尔哈赤在关外建国改元天命(1616年，至清亡宣统帝逊位(公元1911年)凡十二生，每朝均有铸钱，其币制亦复随时更易。顺治以前，期属草创阶段，制作多仿前朝。自世祖顺治人关(公元1644年)，平钱铸造可分为五式：一式为光背间有星文等；二式为背汉文纪局、纪地名；三式是顺治十年（公元1653年)添铸的折银一厘钱；四式是十四年(公元1657年)宝泉、宝源所铸的背满文钱；五式则是十七年(公元1660年)鼓铸的背满汉文钱。圣祖康熙时武功文治颇佳，奠定清代后世基础。康熙钱铜精量足，可分二式，宝泉、宝源两局所铸钱背为满文，各省局所铸钱背皆满汉文纪局，计有二十一局。雍正即位时人虽不逮，然铸钱则沿袭因之，惟铸有背满汉文纪局钱一种，且铸量少于前朝．乾礁在位六十年，铸钱数量甚多，背文以满文纪局成为定制；但后期质量逐渐下降。铸局多时已达24局之谱，为有清以来鼎盛期之产物。嘉庆在位时。虽思励精图治，然政治渐于腐败，经济日渐衰落，铸钱只是维系命脉而已，其质量则是继续加速下滑。道光时，英美大量输入鸦片，使巨额白银外流造成财政危机；自鸦片战争爆发后，中国由此沦为半殖民地，半封建社会。咸丰初，太平天国起义，清廷内外交困，财政入布敷出，政府开始滥造大钱和发行纸币，凡铜、铁、铅俱全，造成币制混乱。十年之间，朝令夕改，平钱铸量锐减，质量再度下降，轻小薄肉之钱充值于市，民间怨声载道，同治时，慈禧专权，推行洋务“新政”，除铸当十大钱外，平钱铸量再度锐减，质量粗劣，私铸小钱开始掺杂使用。洎乎光绪，各局铸钱虽书体多变，清秀俊逸。形成清晚期铸钱一大特色，然海禁洞开，机制币和图案精美的铜元开始出现，方孔钱随着变制而渐绝于市。宣统时，政权几与欲坠，钱局中，惟宝泉为维系工匠生计．铸有少量平钱，且有大小样之分，是时机制铜元已完全取代了  方孔钱，使沿袭了两千余年的方孔圆钱归于寿终正寝。
    纵观整个清代铸钱史，远超而杂于前古，且每一朝铸钱之兴举变革，莫不与当时的政治、经济，典章制度有关，。可谓王朝兴衰事，尽缩货币中。西安金泉钱币文化股份有限公司为了弘扬祖国丰富的货币文化，将经过专业人员精心筛选，清理过的清代历朝古钱币和与其年号相应的十位王朝皇帝像汇于一集，加上文字说明和简介，以供雅俗共赏。本专辑中的所有清代古钱币，均经过钱币界资深专家的严格审定，以确保其真实性和可靠性，具有较高的文史价值和系列完整性，是当今收藏种类中的高雅佳品。   The numismatic Culture of ancient China was rich and varied. The coinage of Qing Dynasty was a parallel metallic standard of copper coin and silver for small and large amount of money respectively. This is an important coinage in the history of Chinese currency. There were 12 rulers from the Emperor Tai Zu(Nurhachi)built the Manchu state titled as Tian Ming (T'ien-ming)outside the Shanhaiguan Pass in 1616 to the last Emperor Xuan Tong abdicated in 1911.The Qing government issued coins all long in every reign with varied coinages.In the initial stage before the Shun Zhi reign,the coins were made by imitating the styles of the former dynasties.After Shun Zhi Emperor entered the Shanhaiguan in 1644,the one-cash(value1)coins had five series:the first was with a plain reverse or sometimes a star legend;the second was with a Chinese character on the reverse which showed the name of the mint or the place where the coin was made;the third was made additilonally in 1653(the 10th year of Shun Zhi)with legend Yi Li(one Li)indicating the value in silver;the fourth was issued by Bao Quan and Bao Yuan mint in 1657(14th year)with the Manchu characters of Bao Quan and Bao Yuan respectively;the fifth was made in 1660(17th year)with both Chinese and Manchu characters.The Emperor Sheng Zu Kang Xi had the great successes on Military and the administration of the regime,The foundation was laid in this reign for the development of the latter reigns The Kang Xi coins were made of refined brass with the standard weight.There are two styles of Kang Xi coins issued by total 21mints.The coins made by both Bao Quan and Bao Yuan mint were only with the Manchu characters on the reverse.The coins minted by local mints all had both Manchu and Chinese characters indicating the name of the mint.In the Yong Zheng reign,the coins were made following the late reign with Manchu characters only on the reverse showing the name of the mint,And the quantity of Yong Zheng coins was obviously less than that of the former reigns.Qian Long Emperor issued a huge amount of coins during his reign as long as 60 years with a standard style that there are Manchu characters only on the reverse of a coin indicating the name of its mint.During this period of great prosperity in Qing Dynasty,there were 24mints had issued coins but the quality was gradually reduced in the latter stage.In Jia Qing period, the politics of Qing regime became rotten gradually and the economy was on the decline although the Emperor had done vigorous efforts.So the issuance of coins was just for supporting the routine demand of currency and the quality of the coins was continuously reduced.During the Dao Guang reign,the European countries and United State exported a great amount of opium to China so as to the Qing court was faced with a financial crisis due to the out flow of a huge amount of silver.After the Opium War, the Chinabecame a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.In early Xian Feng period,the Taiping Tianguo Rebellion broke out and the Qing regime was tottering under the domestic and the foreign troubles.The Qing court had to issue a lot of big-value coins and paper money to made up the serious deficit. The various styles of coins by using different metals include copper,iron and lead made the coinage chaotic ,The orders for the coinage from the court were often changed suddenly within 10 years ,The quantity and the quality of one-cash coins were reduced again The coins circulated in markets were almost all small,light and thin, so as to the people's complaints could be heard everywhere ,In theTong Zhi period ,the empress dowager Ci Xi monopolized the power and carried out the new policy of "Yang Wu".Besides the issuance of Value-ten coins,the quantity and the quality of the one-cash coins were greatly reduced again and many illegal coins with small sizes were circulated together with the legal coins. InGuang Xu period ,the scripts on the coins were varied and delicat ,This formed the major characteristic of the coinage in the latter stage of Qing .Meanwhile in pace with the fast growth of maritime trade with foreign countries,the machine-made silver and copper coins with exquisite patterns appeared .The traditional cash coins with a square hole were gradually withdrawn from the field of circulation along with the change of the coinage ,In Xuan Tong bigger and smaller szes in order to maintain the livelihood of the workers in the mint. At that time.the machine-made copper coins completely replaced the cash coins .The round coin with a square hole circulated fore more than 2000years finally accomplished its historical mission.
 To sum up the whole history of the Qing coinage, the quantity and the styles of the coins were much more than that of the former dynasties.The coin issuance and the coinage reform in each reign were a;waus re;ated tp tje [p;otocs.tje ecpmp,u amd tje [p;ocoes pf Qomg rego,e .It may be said that the history of the dynasty was completely recorded in the coins In order to carry on the abundant and splendid numismatic culture of our motherland ,Xi-an Jin Quan Numismatic Culture Pte Ltd issues this special collection set in shich the coins issued in all reigns of QingDynasty were included together with the portraits of ten emperors of Qing Dynasty.The bried introduction in Chinese and English repectively was enclosed so as to suit both refined and popular tastes of collectors.All coins in this set were collected ealborately by some professionals and have been comfirmed after the strict authentication by a few experienced experts from Chinese numismatic circles in order to guarantee their truthfuIness.This set is really an elegant and valuable collection in view of its peculiar characteristics with a high value of relics and continuously completed information.Thank you.
A103 清代册清世祖爱新觉罗·福临（（公元1638—1661年)
    皇太极第九子，1643-1661年在位，年号顺治。六岁即位，由其叔父多尔衮摄政，顺治元年(1644年)入关，击败李自成农民起义军，迁都北京。尔后，派兵进攻南明小朝廷，下圈
地，剃发令。七年(1650年)亲政，整饬吏治，推行恳荒，用兵西南，加紧镇压反清势力。十八年(1661年)病故．享年24岁。EMPEROR SHI ZU OF QING DYNASTY
AI HSIN CHlO-LO FU LIN（AI XlN JUE LUO FU LLN)
(1638一1661)
He was the ninth son of Emperor Abahai(Huang Tai Ji) His reign was titled as Shun Zhi from l643 to 1661. After he ascended the throne at the age of six only, the Manchus entered the Shanhaignan Pass in the first year of Shun Zhi period (1644).They defeated the peasant antiMing uprising Li Tzu-cheng(Li Zicbeng)and moved the capiml toBeijing(Peking). After then,the Qing governmment sent armies to attack the Southern Ming royal pretenders,and issued the decrees of the Enclosure and the Haircut,In the 7th year of Shun Zhi(1650),he tood care of the government afficials and carried out the policy of reclaiming wasteland,Hecontinuously sent his armies to the Southwest China to put down the anti-Qing rebels.He Died of an illness in the 18th year of his reign(1661)when he was 24 years old only.
顺治通宝
 （公元1644-1661年）
 清世祖顺治年间铸行，其先后分为五式。
 一式仿古钱。空背或有星文；二式仿唐会昌钱，背有单字纪局名，计二十余种；三式折银钱，背穿左“一厘”，穿右纪局名，计十七局；四式满文纪局名，惟见宝泉、宝源二局；五式满汉文钱，背穿左用满文宝，穿右纪汉文局名。
 
 SHUN ZHI TONG BAO（SHUN-CHIH）（1644-1661）
 Issued by the first Emperor Shi Zu of Qing Dynasty during his Sun,Zhi period.There are 5 series.
 The first is with a plain reverse or a star legend like ancient coins.
 The second is with some single words which show the names of more than 20 mints like Hui Chang Kai Yuan (Tang Dynasty).
 The third is added the legend Yi Li,i.e. 0.1% of a tael,indicating the value in silver to the left,and on the right side is the name of the mint(totally)17 mints).
 The fourth was issued from the mints attached to the Board of Revenue and the Board of Works at Peking with Manchu characters.Bao Quan and Bao Yuan respectively.
 The fifth is the Coins have the name of the mint on the reverse in Chnese to the reght,and a Manchu letter Bao to the left.
 
 清圣祖爱新觉罗·玄烨（公元1654-1722年）
 世祖第三子．1661—1722年在位，年虢康熙。八岁即位，初由贵族鳌拜专权，康熙八年(1669年)拘禁鳌拜，下令削藩。尔后，平定三藩叛乱，攻取台湾郑氏政权，出兵驱逐盘据在黑龙江雅克萨的沙俄侵略者，逐後又平定准噶尔部大动乱。其在位期间，重视农业生产，奖劢农耕恳荒．仃止圈地，并治理多年河患，提倡理学，为加强思想统治，曾大兴文字狱。六十一年（1722年)病故，享年69岁。
 
     EMPEROR SI'IEN6 ZU 0F QING DYNASTY  AI HSIN CHIO-LO HSUAN YEH(AI XIN JUE LUO XUAN YE)   (1654-1T22)
     He was the third son of Emperor Shi Zu His reign was  titled as Kang Xj(Kang-hsi)from 1661 to 1722 He inherited the throne at the age of eight but initially under the control of the noble Aobai who was seemed as a usurper imprisoned in the 8th year of Kang Xi(1669l After Kang Xi Emperor ruled the Qing Empire on person，he began to weaken the feudatories and then suppressed thc Revolt of the Three Feudatories. He finally conquered the Taiwan，the last part of China to be taken over,from the descendants of Zheng Chenggong(Cheng Cheng-Kung).He sent armies to expel the Russian invaders occupied at Yakesa in Heilongjiang Province, After then，he suppressed the Rebellion of Dzungars in Xinjiang and Tibet During his reign，he attached importance to agriculture．stopped the Enclosure and encouraged reclaiming wasteland．Meanwhile．he devoted to regulate the flooding of the Huai and Yellow River system for many years. He promoted the study of the Confucianism following the theory of Zhu Xi(ChuHsi) established in Song and Ming Dynasty．However．he had extensively carried out the Literary Inquisition in order to strengtben the rule of thought.He died of an illness in 1722 (the 61st year of his reign) at the age of 69.
康熙通宝（公元1662-1722年）
 清圣祖康熙年间铸行，康熙钱有二式。
 宝泉，宝源两局所铸钱背为满文，各省局所铸背皆满汉文纪局，计有二十一局，以宝巩（甘肃巩昌局）为罕，宝福局背有铸干支者亦罕，宝西（山西荣河局）宝属后人补铸。
 
 KANG XI TONG BAO（KANG-HSI）（1662-1722）
 Issued by the Emperor Sheng Zu of Qing Dynasty during his Kang Xi period. There are two major series. The coins issued by the two mints at the capital have only the inscription Bao Quan and Bao Yuan in Manchu on the reverse. There are both Chinese and Manchu characters on the reverse for every local mint to show the name of the mint in Gansu Province). The coins from Bao Fu mint with a Chinese character from the Earthly Branches (Duodenary Animals)which were usually used to show the year in ancient China are also very scarce. The coins with the charaoter Xi(west)in Chinese and Manchu to the right and left respectively are actually fantasy coins made in the latter reigns for Bao Xi(Rong He mint in Sanxi Province).
清世宗爱新觉罗·胤禛 (公元1678—1735年)
    圣祖第四子，初封雍亲王，1722-1735年在位，年虢雍正。康熙末得权臣之助，用高压手段对付参舆争位的诸弟。尔後，对
前朝重臣多贬斥毅戮，并屡兴文字狱，建立军机处，以加强君主尊制，十三年(1735年)暴死，享年57岁。
EMPEROR SHI ZONG OF QING DYNASTY
AI HSIN CHIO-LO YIN CHEN(AI XIN JUE LUO YIN ZHEN)
(1678-1735)
The fourth son of Emperor Sheng Zu At first he was conferred as Prince Yong. His reign was in 1722—1735 titled as Yong Zheng(Yung Cheng)．He attanded his brothers who were the competitors of the throne by high-handed measure under the support from some powerful courtiers in the latter stage of Kang Xi period After he in herited the throne，he dismissed and killed many courtiers of the late reign. In order to tighten up the rule of autocratic monarchy,he often persecuted the intellectuals by the Literary Inquisition，and set up the Military Plan department. He suddenly died with some mysterious legends in the l3th year of the period(1735)when he was 57 years old.雍正通宝（公元1723-1735年）
 清世宗雍正年间铸行，以满文纪局为主，计十八局之谱，雍正钱少于前朝所铸，有些钱局铸量有限，曾一度仃铸，故要配齐所铸局数，相当困难。
 
 YONG ZHENG TONG BAO（YUNG-CHENG）（1723-1735）
 Issued by the Emperor Shi Zong of Qing Dynasty during his Yong Zheng period.Manchu characters can be found on the reverse to showthe names of total 18 mints. The quantity of Yong Zheng coins was reduced compared to the former reigns. Some mints issued only a limited amount of coins and had stopped to make coins for a few years.so it is quite olifficult to collect all specimens completely nowadays.
 
清高宗爱新觉罗·弘历（公元1711年-1799年）
 世宗第四子，1735-1796年在位，年号乾隆。即位后继续平定准噶尔部动乱，镇压大小金川土司叛乱，曾严拒英国特使提出的侵略性要求。开博学鸿词科，编《四库全书》，完成多部文献通考的编篡。并屡兴文字狱，以加强思想控制。其统治期间，曾六次南巡，浪费无度。后期任用权臣和珅，大长贪污之风，政治翕加腐败，嘉庆元年（1796年）禅位，自称太上皇帝。嘉庆四年（1799年）病故，享年88岁。
 
 EMPEROR GAO ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO HUNG LI（AI XIN JUE LUO HONG LI）（1711-1799）
 He was the fourth son of the Emperor Shi Zhong.His reign was from 1735 to 1796 titled as Qian Long (Chien-lung).After he inherited the throne,he continuously put down the rebellion of Dzungars, and suppressed the big and small Lin Chuan(Chin-Chuan)chieftain rebels is Sichuan (Szechwan).He had refused severely the aggressire demand from the special envoys of the United Kingdom.He promoted the traditional Chinese literature and art,and developed the education at different levels. The compilations of many ancient works and corpora were completed under his suggestion and supervision,and the most famous one is the compilation of The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries (Si-Ku Quan-Shu).But he also carried out the intellectuals on the Literary Znquisition to control the people especially the ideology.During his reign ,he made six great progresses to the South and lavished profusely without limit. In the latter stage,he trusted and appointed the evil courtier. He Shen (Ho-shen)as the Grand Councilor so as to make the corruption spread and the poiltics more rotten.He abdicated in favor of his son in 1796(the first year of Jia Qing reign)and called himself as Tai Shang Huang Di (supreme ruler).He died in 1799(the 4th year of Jia Qing) atthe age of 88.
 
 
乾隆通宝（公元1736-1795年）
 清高宗乾隆年间铸行，定制为满文纪局，计二十四局，乾隆平钱因铸期长而存量巨大，惟钱体较前朝为小，质量开始下降，民间称初铸未加锡者为“黄钱”，以后加锡者为“青钱”。
 QIAN LONG TONG BAO（CHIEN-LUNG）（1736-1795）
 Lssued by the Emperor Gao Zong of Qing Dynasty in his period of Qian Long.
 The Manchu characters on the reverse show the names of 24 mints. There is a huge amount of Qian Long coins remained up to now due to its long period of issuance for about 60 years. The quality and the sizes of the coins were reduced compared to the former reigns .The brass coins made in the early stage without any metal tin were called"Huang Qian"(yellow coin), and the coins with some tin cast in the latter stage were called "Qing Qian"(green coin).
 
清仁宗爱新觉罗·颙琰（公元1760-1820年）
 高宗第十五子，初封嘉亲王。1796-1820年在位，年号嘉庆。即位初，政事多由太上皇决定。四年（1799年）亲政后，诛杀权臣和珅，力图整治财政，未见功效，曾多次减免各地田赋。在位期间，吏治渐於腐败，武备废驰，各地帮会及农民起义不断，清政府日趋加剧衰落。二十五年（1820年）病故，享年60岁。
 
 EMPEROR REN ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AL HSIN CHIO-LO YU YEN（AI XIN JUE LUO YU YAN）（1760-1820）
 The 15th son of Emperor Gao Zong.At firstcalled Prince Jia.His reign was from 1796 to1820 titled as Jia Qing(Chia-ching).In the initial years after he inherited the throne,the court affairs were usually determined by his father,Emperor Qian Long (Tai Shang Huang).After he got the real power in the 4 th year of the reign (1799),the killed the treacherous courtier He Shen,He also wanted to rectify the politics and the finance but no success although he had remitted the local agricultual taxes for many times During his reign,the Qing court gradually tended to become more and more rotten and the banner forces became ill-suppiled,poorly trained and demoralized. The unceasing rebellions from various secret societies and the peasant uprisings made the Qing regime fall into decay more aggravating.He died of an illness in 1820(the 25th year of Jia Qing reign)when he was 60 years old.
 
嘉庆通宝（公元1796-1820年）
 清仁宗嘉庆年间铸行，背满文纪局名，计十九局，嘉庆平钱质量继续有所下降，有些铸局钱背开始出现有星、月纹，除新疆红钱外，宝泉、宝源铸钱局尚属正规，它局所铸则精粗不一。
 
 JIA QING TONG BAO（CHIA-CHING）（1796-1820）
 Issued by the Emperor Ren Zong of Qing Dynasty during the Jia Qing period. The Manchu characters on the reverse show the names of 19 mints. The quality of one-cash coins was continuously reduced. Some star and moon legends began to appear on the reverse for some mints. The coins made by Bao Quan and Bao Yuan mints were still regular but the quality of some coins from other local mints was not good.
 
清宣宗爱新觉罗·旻宁（公元1782-1850年）
 1820-1850年在位，年号道光。即位后虽图振衰起弊，但因政治腐败，终不得如顾。十八年（1838年）英美大量输入鸦片造成巨额白银外流，而引起财政危机，逐派林则徐赴广州查禁鸦片。二十年（1840年）六月英国发动鸦片战争后，由于清廷政治，经济积弱积贫，与英、美、法签订了丧权辱国的不平等条约，自此，中国逐步沦为半殖民地，半封建社会。三十年（1850）太平天国运动爆发前病故，享年68岁。
 EMPEROR XUAN ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO MIN NING（AI XIN JUE LUO MIN NING）（1782-1850）
 His reign was in 1820-1850 titled as Dao Guang(Tao-kuang).After he inherited the throne,he wanted to rejuvenate the regime and abolish the malpractice and corruption but finally can not succeed due to the deep rotten politics. In the 18th year of his reign(1838),a large amount of opium was imported from the Europe and America.The outflow of an immense amount of silver lead to a fnancial crisis .So the had to send the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu to Guangzhou(Kwangchow or Canton)for banning on the opium-smoking and the opium tradl.In 1840(the 20th year of the reign ),the United Kingdom launched the Opium War.The Qing court finally had to sign some unequal treaties of national betrayal and humiliation with UK,USA and France etc.due to the decline of Qing regime.From then on ,China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.He died of an illness in 1850(30th year)before the rebellion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom when he was 68 years old.
 
道光通宝（公元1821-1850年）
     清宣宗道光年间铸行，背满文纪局名，除新疆红钱外，计十九局，道光平钱书体较拙，精美者少，薄小型钱开始大量出现，主要是银贵钱贱，铸钱时常贴本，有些钱局不得不陆续停铸。     DAO GUANG TONG BAO（TAO-KUANG）（1821-1850）
     Issued by the Emperor Xuan Zong of Qing Dynasty during his period of Dao Guang.The names of the mints are showed in Manchu on the reverse.There were 19 mints issued coins except a few Xinjing(Sinkiang)mints.The calligraphy of the Chinese characters on Dao Guang coins is quite poor. The exquisite coins were seldom found but a lot of small and thin coins appeared.Some local mints had to make coins intermittently because they often lost money for casting coins due to that the copper coins were much more cheap than the silver money at that time.清文宗爱新觉罗·奕詝（公元1831-1861年）
    1850-1861年在位，年号咸丰。三年（1853年）太平军北伐，直趋北京，清廷内外交困，统治摇摇欲坠，任用肃顺等筹划财政，并依靠曾国藩等地主武装镇压太平军起义。六年（1856年）英法发动第二次鸦片战争，次年攻陷广州，八年（1858年）大沽炮台失陷，十年（1860年）英法联军进攻北京，尔后分别与俄、美、英、法签订了丧权辱国的不平等条约。十一年（1861年）八月病死于热河行宫，享年30岁。
    EMPEROR WEN ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO 1 CHU（AI XIN JUE LUO YI ZHU）（1831-1861）
 His reign was from 1850 to 1861 titled as Xian Feng(Hsien-feng).In the third year of the reign,the Taiping armies launched the northern expedition and approached to Beijing(Peking).The Qing regime was tottering under the domestic troubles and the foreign invasion.At that time,he appointed the Minister Su Shun and other courtiers to rescue the finance,Meanwhile,he had to rely on Zeng Guofan and other landlord armed forces to put down the Taiping rebels.In the 6th year of Xian Feng,UK and France launched the Second Opium Wr and captured Guangzhou(Kwangchow)next year.And then in the 8th year(1858),the Da Gu Battery near Tianjin(Tientsin)was fallen. After the Anglo-French expedition attacked Beijing in 1860(10th year),he had to sign a few unequal treaties with Russia,USA,UK and France etc.He died of an illness in his summer capital at Re-he(Jehol)in 1861 (the 1th year of his reign) at the age of only 30.咸丰通宝（公元1851-1861年）
 清文宗咸丰年间铸行，咸丰初，太平天国起义，朝廷财政困难，钱法大乱，只有发行纸币和铸大钱来应付度支，铸局虽有二十九局之多，然平钱铸量锐减，且质量再度下降，有些铸局所铸几与私铸无异。
 XIAN FENG TONG BAO（HSIEN-FENG）（1851-1861）
 Issued by the Emperor Wen Zong of Qing Dynasty During his Xian Feng period. In the early stage of this reign,the famous uprising of Tai Ping Tian Guo(the Tai-ping Rebellion)broke out.The royal government met a serious diffculty on finance and economy,and had to issue paper money and high-value coins to make up the expenditure. The quantity and the quality of one-cash coins were greatly reduced although there were 29 mints to make coins in this reign.
 
清穆宗爱新觉罗·载淳（公元1856-1875年）
 文宗长子，1861-1875年在位，年号同治，咸丰十一年八月，由顾命八大臣辅佐继位，定明年改元祺祥，同年十一月，慈禧太后，恭亲王奕诉发动政变，由两宫太后“垂簾听政“。实由慈禧掌权，镇压太平天国和捻军、回、苗民起义，推行洋务“新政”。十二年（1873年）二月亲政后，仍由慈禧握权。1875年1月病故，享年19岁。
 EMPEROR MU ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO TSAI SHUN（AI XIN JUE LUO ZAI CHUN）（1856-1875）
 The eldest son of Emperor Wen Zong.His reign Tong Zhi (Tung-ehih)was from 1861 to 1875.In August of the 11th year of Xian Feng,the inherited the throne under the assistance and the supervision of eight important coutiers entrusted by Emperor Xian Feng befor he died,The reign title was originally set as Qi Xiang beginning from the next year(1861).But in November of this year,the empress dowager Ci Xi and Prince Gong staged a coup detat.It made Ci Xi become the actual regent and the period of "Chui-lian Ting-zheng"began.In the Tong Zhi reign,the Qing regime finally suppressed the Taiping Rebellion and Nian Army rebels,and put down the uprisings of Hui and Miao people.The neo-policy of "Yang Wu(foreign affairs)was canied out.He died of an illness in January of 1875 at the age of 19 only.    
 
同治通宝（公元1862-1874年）
 清穆宗同治年间铸行，平钱背满文纪局，铸局亦少，有十六局之分，其铸量再度锐减，除新疆红钱外，各局所铸质量粗劣，私铸小钱开始掺杂使用。
 TONG ZHI TONG BAO（TUNG-CHIH）（1862-1874年）
 Issued by the Emperor Mu Zong of Qing Dynasty during the period of Tong Zhi.The Manchu characters of 16 mints' names can be seen on the reverse of the coins.The quantity of Tong Zhi coins was greatly decreased compared to the former reigns. The quality of the coins made by most local mints was poor except Xinjing(Sinkiang)Red Coins. Many illegal coins with small size and poor quality were circulated bogether with the legal coins.
 
清德宗爱新觉罗·载湉（公元1871-1908年）
 醇亲王奕譞之子，1875-1908年在位，年号光绪。因同治病死无嗣，由他入继大统，即位时年仅四岁，由慈禧“垂帘听政”，十三年（1887年）亲政，但仍由慈禧训政，十五年（1889年）太后“撤帘归政”，实际仍握大权。中日甲午战争失败后，他亦想有所作为，采纳维新派主张，宣布变法，颁布新政，引起守旧派嫉视，再由慈禧复出训政，光绪帝则被幽禁于瀛台。三十四年（1908年）十一月十四日病故，享年37岁。
  EMPEROR DE ZONG OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO TSAI TIEN（AI XIN JUE LUO ZAI TIAN）（1871-1908年）
 He is the son of Prince Chun.His reign Guang Xu(Kuang-hsu)was in 1871-1908.Because the Tong Zhi Emperor had no child,hsi nephew Zai Tain i.e.the Emperor Guang Xu inherited the throne at the age of only four under the control of the regent Ci Xi empress dowager.Guang Xu Emperor began to administrate the court in person after the 13th year(1887),but still under the supervision of Ci XI.In the 15th year(1889),Ci Xi gave the power back to him but actually still ruled the court .After the defeat of Sino-Japanese War of Jia-Wu(1894-1895),Guang Xu accepted the suggestion from the Reform Party(Wei-Xin Pai)to begin the Constitutional Reform and Modernization in 1898,The Reform was opposed by the Conservative Fraction and suppressed quickly within 100 days by Ci Xi,She took care of the court again as the regent and put the Guang Xu Emperor under house confinement in the Ying-tai Garden,The Emperor died of an illness on November 14th,1908(the 34th year of his reign)when he was 37 years old.
 
光绪通宝（公元1875-1908年）
 清德宗光绪年间铸行，平钱背满文纪局，计十九局之谱，其背兼有星、月文者甚多，以宝河局、宝津局为最，其钱文艺术远超前朝，各局所铸文字多有不同。光绪中晚期，图案精美的机制铜元开始大量出现，方孔钱已近尾声。
 GUANG XU TONG BAO（KUANG-HSU）（1875-1908）
 Issued by the Emperor De Zong of Qing Dynasty during the Guang Xu period.
 The Manchu names of 19 mints are found on the reverse of one-cash coins,The star and moon legends are often found on the coins issued by some mints especially Bao He and Bao Jin mints.The calligraphy of the Chinese characters on the obverse is much better than that on Tong Zhi coins.In the middle and late stage of Guang Xu period,the machine-struck copper coins with exquisite patterns appeared with a large amount of issuance.The history of cash coins was coming to the end.
 
清末帝爱新觉罗·溥仪（公元1906-1967年）
 醇亲王载沣之子，1909-1911年在位，年号宣统。即位时年仅三岁，由其父摄政。辛亥革命爆发后，于1912年2月退位，不废帝号，仍居宫禁。1917年张勛擁其復關，旋即失败。1924年11月被废除帝号逐出宫；1925年移居天津，1931年底在侵华日军策划下潜往东北，次年3月为伪满州国“执政”，1934年3月改称“满州帝国皇帝”；日本投降后，被苏联红军俘获；1950年移交中国，1959年被特赦；1961年任全国政协委员，文史资料研究委员会委员，1967年病逝，享年61岁。
 THE LAST EMPEROR OF QING DYNASTY AI HSIN CHIO-LO PU I（AI XIN JUE LUO PU YI）（1906-1967）
 He was the son of Prince Chun(Zai Feng).His reign was in 1909-1911 titled as Xuan Tong(Hsuan-tung).He inherited the throne at the age of three only under the supervision of the regent ,his father,After the Xin Hai Revolution in 1911,he had to abdicate in February of 1912. He was allowed to live in the Imperial Palace (Forbidden City)and to hold the leign title in name.In 1917,Zhang Xun wanted to restore the Qing regime by supporting him but failed soon.Finally,he was abolished his bible and was drove out the Palace in November of 1924. He had to move to Tianjin(Tientsin)in 1925.He secretly went to the Northeast China(Manchuria)under the arrangement by the Japanese aggresson troops at the edn of 1931.In March of next year,he became the "Zhi Zheng "(ruler)of the puppet Manchuria supported by the Japanese invaders. After two years(1934),he changed his title as "The Emperor of the Manchuria Empire".He was the capture of the Soviet Red Army after the Japan surrendered,and turned over to China in 1950.In 1959,he was specially pardoned,and became the committee member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)and of the Research Committee of Culture and History.He died of and illness in 1967 at the age of 61.
 
 宣统通宝（公元1909-1911年）
 清末帝溥仪在位时所铸，均为平钱，有大小样之分，是时机制币已取代方孔钱地位，除宝泉局所铸常见外，东川局所铸较少，方孔钱终于走完了两千余年的漫长历史，归于寿终正寝。
 XUAN TONG TONG BAO（HSU AN-TUNG）（1909-1911）
 Issued by the last emperor of Qing Dynasty,Pu Yi(Pu I).Only one-cash coins found with various small or big sizes.Most of them were issued by Bao Quan mint.Dong Chuan mint(Bao Dong)in Yunnan Province also issued a small amount of coins. Xuan Tong coin is the last cash coin(with a square hole)issued in China for more than 2000 years.The cash coins were finally replaced by the machine-made copper coins.)